Modern paradigms of designing parallel systems. Processors with multiple cores and multiprocessors. Interconnection networks. Options for scaling and composition. Speculative Multithreaded architecture. The choice of metrics for measuring performance. Rating architectural ideas and possible compromises. Simulation of multiprocessors. The problem of downscaling machine parameters for the simulation. Studying the space of parameters. Multiprocessors with shared memory. Consistency of memory and the problem of cache coherence. The hardware transactional memory. General purpose multiprocessor systems. High-performance systems. High availability systems. Stream Processors. Heterogeneous multiprocessors.