Milgram’s real-virtual continuum and metric of virtuality/augmentativity, elements of VR systems. Input devices. Positioning in space. Navigation and manipulation of interfaces. Gestural interfaces. Output video devices. Systems for sound. Haptic feedback. Computer architecture for virtual reality. The architecture for graphics. The architecture of workstations. Distributed architecture. Modeling. Geometric modeling. Forms of virtual objects. Visual appearance of objects. Kinematic modeling. Position of objects. The hierarchies of objects. View of the 3D space. Physical modeling. Detection of contact and overlap. Deformation of the plane and/or surfaces. The operation of forces and mapping. Haptic texture setting. VR and society. Education, art and presentation. VR applications in industrial production. Virtual prototypes